Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example Essay Example

Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example Paper Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Introduction There are many theorists that have revolutionised the way in which we think about the media by voicing their theories on what they consider the media to exist as and what it should accomplish in the future. Both Marxist-based and pluralist models of the media have become two of the most prominent forms mapping out its ideal role in culture and society. Firstly, the Marxist-based model of what we should consider the media to be is based on a theory of a heavily divided society that ultimately, in its many varied institutions does not share common goals or interests. Founded on the original theories of Karl Marx, Marxist ideology predicts the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism by the proletariat, and thus an evolution into a classless communist society. In this essay I will attempt to explain the idea of Marxist-based models and explore how they can be directly related to the media and its intricacies. Secondly, there are the pluralist models of the media which concern themselves wi th the theory that it is entirely possible and necessary that the media should defend the democratic order, and these theories are based on the idea that society is no more than an aggregation of individuals, which all have the right to liberality. I will explain the history of the pluralist models of the media, and investigate the concepts and ideals that they occupy. As a framework for this essay, I will be continuously comparing the two mentioned models of the media, explaining their differences, positive and negative aspects, and possible appliances in the media today. The most obvious difference between the Marxist and the pluralist models of the media is that of their opposing theories of society; where the Marxist-based model believes in an ultimately separated society of fundamentally different groups all with their own desires and beliefs, the liberal pluralist model describes a close society of individuals sharing common values and freedom to do what they wish. This widely differing versions of what one would call society, directly affects the way in which a particular media should address its public – for the Marxist-based model, the media have to aim at many different groups and code their programmes or articles very carefully in order to reach the widest audience for the subject possible. This need for heavy detail is outlined in Stuart Hall’s model of â€Å"Encoding/Decoding† when he states: Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Body Paragraphs â€Å"The second position we would identify is that of the negotiated code or position. Majority audiences probably understand quite adequately what has been dominantly defined and professionally signified.they take ‘large views’ of issues.† (Hall, 1992 pp.137) What Hall is stating here is that the interpretation of the media is a subconscious, uncontrollable process which, not only large social groups, but individuals are susceptible to. The process of communication is not one involving the simple model of ‘sender/message/receiver,’ but in Hall’s model it is one involving production, circulation, consumption and reproduction. Where Hall and Marx have in common in theory is that they both understand that the media is a complex structure in dominance where each level is relatively self-sufficient or ‘autonomous’. This is perhaps where the Marxist-based model of media communication excels, in that it seeks to highlight the individual ity of the consumer that the pluralist model places in broader categories and groupings. In the pluralist model of the media, society is classified as a congregation of individuals, sharing similar beliefs, but ultimately not governed by pre-determined intricate models, as they have the freedom to choose. In a parallel with this, the media market is considered neutral and ungoverned, and therefore also free to regulate or publish whatever they desire. Power is not held by the individual, but by a social grouping of individuals, meaning there is no elitism in society like the Marxist model. Media groups are in continuous competition with each other, but the competition is consented, and those groups who tend to succeed are those who change or evolve to serve the public in a new and different way. At the level of production, there is a selection of laws that restrict some forms of human expression, but in liberal principal, there is still a large element of free speech, and any outcom es are in the public interest. However, involved in this liberal pluralist model are many problems stemming from the fact that it tends to ignore the economic reality of media production, as James Curran states, â€Å"Anyone is free to start a daily national newspaper, but few can afford even to contemplate the prospect† (Curran, 1997, pp.288). Even in knowledge of this, the development of a programme or product in the media industry is not just about expenses, but about skills and man-power. The trend that occurs with this kind of ‘free’ competition is that of monopolisation. The largest companies become those who not only change their produce continuously, or are the best at what they do, but are those companies that earn enough money to buy-out or merge with other businesses to form a much larger corporation with a much greater range of diversification. A recent example of such a monopoly is the AOL Time Warner corporation, where three of the biggest names in media production and facilitation combined together to form a company with some of the most influential forms of media at their disposal, including the internet, television, film and publications to name but a few. With this kind of market power, the AOL Time Warner company can shadow most corporations in similar industries, and can also prevent the majority of small businesses from growing in the trade, or even from simply beginning. In the Marxist-based model of the media, there exist two main kinds of class, those of the ‘Bourgeoisie,’ and those of the ‘Proletariat.’ The Bourgeoisie are the capitalists who own the means of social production and are the employers of wage labour. The Proletariat are the wage-labourers, who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labour power in order to make a living. The first theorists to take Marx’s ideas and relate them to theories of mass media in advanced capitalist societies were Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. They realised that the role of ideology in society, especially in terms of social control, had been significantly altered by the arrival of mass communications. They saw the mass media in a very pessimistic light, as a completely dominating consciousness, thus extinguishing the possibility of change or revolution, as can be seen when they say: â€Å"The culture industry perpetually cheats its consumers of what it perpetually promises.the promise, which is actually all the spectacle consists of, is illusionary: all that it actually confirms is that the real point will never be reached, that the diner must be satisfied with the menu.the culture industry does not sublimate; it represses.† (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1993, pp.38) Adorno and Horkheimer are part of the group of Marxist theorists originally based in Frankfurt, known as the ‘Frankfurt School’. The Frankfurt school coined the term ‘culture industries’ to de scribe the way in which they saw the press, entertainment and radio industries becoming capitalist institutions based on profit making and audience massification. The Marxist-based model of the media describes the disappearance of high art, or ‘pure’ entertainment, and the rise of mass media, bringing with it low standards, exploitation and an unskilled workforce. Whereas the pluralist model is based on the principles of free society and unified corporations all at the same level or liberalism, the Marxist-based model describes mass media and indeed the advancement of technology as tools of domination over the public. Whereas in the pluralist model, the public are free to choose what they buy, listen to or watch on television, in the eyes of the Frankfurt school, the media provides a ‘retro-active need’ for the consumer, in that it continuously plies the public with a range of products so that they end up feeling that they require them in order to live a fu ll life. This, along with the supposition that private broadcasters have little power in such a large Bourgeoisie-driven industry, leaves the consumer and indeed the Proletariat with little or no freedom. This is the ultimate difference between the liberal pluralist and the Marxist-based models of the media; the latter feels that mass media and increased range automatically means imitation and standardisation, thus limiting the individual and decreasing their freedom, whereas the former supposes that with the onset of mass media and more diverse range comes greater choice, greater variety, and ultimately a greater amount of freedom. Both the Marxist-based and pluralist models of the media remain relevant today, and still maintain a great source of debate for the culture industry. Although they both differ on many ideas and opinions, I feel that parts can be taken from both analyses of the media in order that greater understanding of the relatively new mass media culture may be reach ed. Both theories have their faults. The liberal pluralist model’s faults are its somewhat vague assumptions that all parts in the cycle of the media deserve equal merit, and perhaps its ignorance concerning the onset of economical issues surrounding mass media and large conglomerate organisations in the industry. The Marxist-based theory of the media is to some extent better explored as an argument, but it tends, especially in the case of the Frankfurt School, to be very pessimistic regarding all aspects of mass media, and thus ignores the positive aspects such as greater choice for the individual and consumers using popular culture in a contributing way to society. The media is one of the ways in society in which, in the form of power can both dominate and be dominated, and with the constantly changing forms of the media, and ever-advancing technology at the industry’s disposal, theories must advance too. With both the Marxist-based and pluralist models of the media, despite their differences, there is a great deal of freedom to advance and expand on the theories now and into the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

How does Shakespeare engage the audience in Ac 4, Scene 1 of Othello Essays

How does Shakespeare engage the audience in Ac 4, Scene 1 of Othello Essays How does Shakespeare engage the audience in Ac 4, Scene 1 of Othello Essay How does Shakespeare engage the audience in Ac 4, Scene 1 of Othello Essay This scene Act 4, scene 1- reinforced the purpose of the play; jealousy. Act 3 finishes very uneasy. Desdemona has now recognised her husband is jealous even though she never gave him cause, she has never realised that the handkerchief is missing and is causing Othello to become angrier. Desdemonas response to this shows the wide-awake, down-to-earth realism about human affairs of which she has already given evidence. It is clear that something of her sense of the absolute and unique nature of their love has been diminished. The spring of the tragedy is now wound up to its tightest and all we can do is be helpless as it unwinds with irresistible and utterly destructive momentum. Shakespeare uses many different themes through the play, one of them being racism. This is a topic brought up many times in the play. Racism is one of the reasons that Iago dislikes Othello, referring him as an old black ram! This shows how jealous Iago is and how false his portrayal of Othello actually is. Iago commands Othellos imagination, conjuring up distressing images of infidelity early in the scene. Iago plays devils advocate by saying be naked in bed with her friend. He suggests Desdemonas honour -like her handkerchief- is hers to give away as she chooses. Othello, however, is incapable now of perceiving the physical existence of it with the guilty that Iago has steepened. Without even needing to think, he predictably says that the handkerchief is a sign of Desdemonas honour. Iago obliquely applies with his literalistic characteristic. Her honour is an essence thats not seen: They have it very oft that have it not But for the handkerchief- Othello evidentially didnt need to be reminded. You know this from the quote I would most gladly have forgotten it! Despite trying to forget it, he clearly cant banish it from his thoughts. Othello speaks disjointedly and distractedly he is barely in control of his own senses. He contradicts himself throughout this from the earlier line, to be once in doubt is once to be resolved. Othello is desperate to find out that the truth between doubt and certainty. Hes stuck between longing and loathing Desdemona. His convulsion is the physical expression of his inner torment. It is ironic that Iago calls his poisoness influence, medicine. (Line 45, Act 4, scene 1) It seems cruel that Iago should tell Othello to bear your fortune like a man (line 61) while at the same time torturing him with thoughts who make other men cuckolds every night. Iago knows that Othello will begin to lose his huge pride and make this idea endurable. His promise to be, most cunning in my patience (line 91) is alarming; Othello also intends to be most bloody in the same line. Could this be a sign of him moving closer to the atrocity of the final act? We might also view his striking of Desdemona as a prelude to the physical violence that is to occur later in the play. Between the lines of 90-97, you see that Iago jokes about Biancas fondness for Cassio, proving that Iago is rather heartless. It is a creature that dotes on Cassio. Like many times before, the theme of animals is brought in. I think this means that they use the idea of use and abuse as if theyre treating her as if she has no feelings herself. However, the Elizabethan audience werent the slightest bit bothered by this. They saw prostitution and such a common thing that would happen quite a lot. Othello would never get much sympathy from the audience because of racial circumstances. The audience were often white and catholic which was everything the Moor was not. Othello was black and was most likely to be Muslim. Most of the sympathy would fall on Desdemona throughout the play. The dramatic effect of Othellos many asides could elevate the scene to become farcical. Iago and Cassio represent soldiers poorly throughout this scene. This could be because soldiers seem to know exactly what they want, whereas they do not. Theyre also made out to be very crude and disrespectful towards women. This was how they were viewed in line 16 as well. The most low and rough joined the army. This is a theme mentioned throughout the play. In scene 4, on line 145 onwards it mentions the handkerchief again. This, is Othellos eyes is evidence that Desdemona committed adultery. In Othellos eyes, there is only black and white. There are no suspicions but only obvious convictions. After Bianca throws down the handkerchief in front of Othello, Othello says the line, By heaven, that should be my handkerchief! (Line 154) This sounds like an anguished cry of recognition escaping from Othello as the fateful handkerchief appears again. Iago is anxious to get rid of Cassio in case he says anything that might reveal that it is Bianca that he had been talking about before she had entered. Lot of Biancas lines and verses are very bland and not poetic. I think Shakespeare wrote like this so Bianca appears low class because shes a prostitute. I think this is a good idea. It reminds the reader about the character attitude and personality. On line 161, an anxious mood is created. I may chance to see you, for I would very fain speak with you. Othello needs no more persuading now. The only question running through his mind is How? Iago doesnt reply and this enrages Othello even more. There are opposing feelings portrayed in line 182. I do but say what she is. So delicate with her needle. This is a memory of Desdemona before she poisoned his thoughts. The line the pity of it, Iago has an effect on the audience. By the use of the word pity it makes the reader feel sorry for him. This is a good technique. Catholics around in the Elizabethan time considered adultery a massive sin. They felt if you committed adultery youd go to hell and burn. They felt it was against the 10 commandments.

Equity and trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equity and trusts - Essay Example If each of these elements can be ascertained by reference to Sadhia’s will and trust instrument, the trustees will be bound by her dispositions. However, the emphasis is on certainty of intention. It was held in Tana & Anor V Tana & Anor, that â€Å"certainty of intention is in many ways the most important† certainty.2 Therefore, in a typical case, once the court is satisfied that the â€Å"declarant had the requisite intention it will strive to validate it.†3 It is against this background that the trustees of Sadhia’s estate should proceed. Bearing in mind that certainty of intention is the most important element for determining whether or not each of Sahdia’s gifts form valid declarations of trusts, the trustees are advised to proceed with this mindset. The gift of the cottage to Sadhia’s husband appears at first glance to be a discretionary trust in that the declaration assumes that her husband will do what is necessary to benefit the children of the marriage. In other words Sadhia has left the question of their children’s benefit up to her husband’s broad discretion. Certainty of subject matter is unambiguously Sadhia’s cottage and that is assuming Sadhia only has one cottage capable of being distinguished from any other realty she leaves behind. The objects of the trust are also unambiguously stated and are the children that Sadhia shares with her husband. The difficulty however, involves certainty of intention. It was held in Wright v Atkyns Turn & R 143 it is possible to descern whether or not there was an intention to create a trust by the words used. However those words must be clear and imperative4 although he failure to use specific words will not render the creation of a trust invalid.5 That said, the use of the words â€Å"in full confidence that he will do what is necessary to benefit our

Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance - Research Paper Example Many metrics have been developed to ease this process. Faced with too much information, Investors at times get confused with no clear indication of what the true prices of stocks should be. (Penman, 2003). Under such circumstances, the investor either make decision based on his or her instinct, such investors according to Penman (2003) are intuitive investors while others who make their decision based on capital market efficiency are referred to as passive investors. This part of the question addresses the performance of a new venture to be set up to enable us make informed judgment as to a hold a buy or sell decision. Thus, the objective of this question is to analyse the liquidity, the profitability and solvency position of the new set up from information extracted from the projected profit and loss account, the balance sheet and the cash flow statement. The report do not only provide a financial overview of the new venture for the projected three years period. The question also, guide potential investors on where the business is coming from and where it is heading to. Gross profit margin assumes that in the absence of other expenses what percentage of sales comes to the corporation as profit, while net profit margin takes into consideration all the expenses and measures what percentage of sales comes in as profit after all the other expenses must have been deducted. It is important to note here that, ratio analysis in them is useless except when compared with the industry benchmark or other competitors. 2010 2011 2012 Key Data Sales 488000 536312 589943 Cost of Sales 277650 358168 392947 Gross Profit 210351 178144 196996 Operating Profit/Loss 39441 84173 93080.8 Percentages % 2010 2011 2012 Growth in Sales (%) 10.0 10.0 Gross Profit Margin (%) 43.2 33.1 33.4 Net Profit Margin (%) 8.1 15.7 15.8 From the above analysis and interpretation, one will see that our proposed new venture is a feasible and profitable business. While gross profit margin for the first three years under projection is above 30%, net profit margin also portrays a favorable situation. Analysis of Capital Employed According to Penman (2003), assets and liabilities are distinguished based on the nature of the operations the underlying operation and the funding structure. The underlying operation is represented by the operating assets of the business. Operating assets are also known as capital employed - the amount of capital that is employed in the business. Here, it is defined as being the total assets without any deduction for the creditors of the business. 000s 2010 2011 2012 Key Data Current Assets 131079 167081 229919 Fixed Assets 33362 89033 127526 Total Assets 164441 256114 357445 Percentages % 2010 2011 2012 Current assests 80 65 64 Fixed Assets 20 35 36 Key data & ROCE 2010 2011 2012 Total Assets 164441 256114 357445 Profit Before Interest& Tax 52588 112230 124108 ROCE (%) 32 44 35 This ratio ROCE measures how well a business has performed in terms of the capital used to carry out the daily operations. According to Penman (2003), it is a key performance indicator and may show a decline even though the net profit margin has gone up. This will reveal the fact that the increase in

Knowledge Management within the Education Profession Essay

Knowledge Management within the Education Profession - Essay Example This report discovers the practice of knowledge management within the education profession as a tool for improving the efficiency of the administrative services and the effectiveness of academic programs. Knowledge management within the educational profession refers to a set of procedures that makes eminent sense through a combination of practical expertise gained through experience, good intuition, and a feel of what can be likely described as a set of emerging theories that focus on effective knowledge management continuum within educational institutions (Hansen, 2000). Pertinent to the field of education with regard to knowledge management entail two fundamental aspects; how to embrace and integrate knowledge management principles and how to avoid misunderstanding of such principles. Evidently, application of such knowledge management principles is in essence important with regard to improving educational efficiency. In the recent past, educational administrators have attempted to improve the efficiency of their tasks through knowledge management. Therefore, this report aims at investigating how knowledge management enables educators in an institution to develop and set effective practices to collect information and share what they know will ultimately lead to improved educational outcomes. In making this attempt, however, this report explicitly clarifies that people, in this regard educators, processes, and technology are important aspects in ensuring effective knowledge management.... 1. Educational administrators have been improving the efficiency of their task through employing knowledge management tools. Instructors within the education profession have been utilizing management tools for a considerable number of years to improve the efficiency of administrative services and the effectiveness of academic programs. From the past, the practice of knowledge management within the education profession has primarily been focusing on the technical systems that are implemented to collect, organize, and disseminate the institution’s expanse of quantitative data in areas such as accounting, finance, and enrolment planning. With the increasing number of trustees, state legislatures, teachers, administrators, faculty members, students, and parents begun to seek better education outcomes or at least have a better sense of what current outcomes measure, in the case of higher education, most educational institutions and systems have invested in technology to generate da ta that can provide answers to those seeking improved performance. Among the primary benefits of knowledge management underpins the fact that it actively addresses both the information culture and technology culture unique to the organizational context of the college, school, or university (Kellick, 2011, P. 150). The technology culture can be thought of as the institution’s use and integration of technology in planning, development, operations, and assessment. The information culture, on the other hand, involves information processes and politics for sharing information within and across the organization. 2. Knowledge management enables educators in an institution to develop and set practices to collect information and share what they know, leading to action

Adverse effects of flood in Pakistan

Adverse effects of flood in Pakistan Executive Summary: The Flood of 2010 which affected around 20 million people in Pakistan directly and left them homeless have been the worst flood that Pakistan and the world has ever seen. The research was conducted on the subject of adverse effects of flood in Pakistan and how it has affected our agriculture, banks, economy, imports and exports. The research was basically exploratory in nature in which we gathered articles from various institutions, organizations and newspapers. There is so much material available on the topic that it became a challenge for us to remain specific and to the point. One more problem was that due to many sources there were a clash in the facts figures so we have taken out the reliable resources in order to make it less confusing. The research concluded that the flood has caused unprecedented devastation to Pakistans economy, agriculture, infrastructure, imports/exports and above all, to human lives and dignity. Not only 20 million have to be given food and shelter but for the long term the government and the people have to create jobs so that they can stand on their own feet again. Introduction Natural Disaster is the effect of natural hazards which includes flood, tornado, volcano eruption, earthquake or landslide that affects the environment, leads to financial, environmental and/or human losses. It is terrible event that is not caused by human activity and results in deaths, injuries or damage to property. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster, and their resilience. This perceptive is concentrated in the formulation: disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability .A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has therefore been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement. Natural disasters which occur due to the change of plate tectonics are earthquakes, volcanoes, geyser eruptions and tsunami. These different types of natural disasters have taken away millio ns of lives and have caused trillions of dollars in terms of financial losses. The recent flood in Pakistan was one of the worst natural disasters in Pakistans history and in worlds history. It was one of the biggest disasters that the world have ever experienced not in terms of death but in terms of people affected, area affected and in terms of financial losses that occurred. Almost one- eighth of the population was directly affected by flood. The floods that recently caused great damage to Pakistan had more impact than the combine impact of tsunami in 2004, Haiti earthquake in 2010 and Earthquake of 2005 that affected northern areas of Pakistan. The affected people in these combine three disasters were around 11 million people but in the recent flood affected around 20 million people across Pakistan. Pakistan has experienced floods and the details of those floods are provided below: Flood in September 1992 affected 12 million people Flood in August 1992 affected 6 million people Flood in August 1976 affected 5 million people Flood in July 1978 affected 2.2 million people Flood in July 1995 affected 1.2 million people The Flood of 2010 which affected around 20 million people in Pakistan directly and left them homeless have been the worst flood that Pakistan and the world have ever seen. Only eight million out of 20 million people were affected in the province of Punjab. It has caused billions of dollars losses to Pakistans economy, agriculture, imports etc. According to World Bank and Asian Development Bank the economic impact of recent flood is estimated as much as 43 billion dollars. Topic: Adverse effects of floods in Pakistan. MAP: This map is highlighting the flood affected areas from severe (red) to moderate (orange). C:Documents and SettingsFaizanaliDesktopuntitled.bmp Purpose Statement: To determine the adverse effects of recent floods in Pakistan. Research Questions: How the recent has floods affected Pakistan? Sub-Research Question: How has the floods affected our agriculture? How has the floods affected the banks? How has the floods affected our economy? How has the floods affected our Imports and Exports? Hypothesis: The recent floods have an adverse affect on our economy. LITERATURE REVIEW Effect on Agriculture Agriculture sector have been the backbone of the Pakistans economy and Pakistan is known as agriculture based country. According to the facts provide by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Agriculture is one of the main sector of Pakistans economy employing more than 42% of the labor force and accounts to 23% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The recent floods did not only led to human loss but had a large impact on the agriculture sector directly. It destroyed many crops and over an estimated area of 1.38 million acres were affected due to recent flood of 2010. Pakistans major crops are cotton, wheat and rice. Wheat is one of the Important produce of Pakistan has been severely damaged in the flood. According to the data provided by Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock shows and we quote: Punjab: 44,896 tonnes Khyber Pukhtunkhwa: 80,823 tonnes Sindh: 5,41,696 tonnes Balochistan: 321, 651 tonnes The above facts stated by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock shows that total of 0.6 million tones of wheat has been damaged throughout the county and major places that were affected were parts of Sindh and Balochistan but the government is taking out positives from these flood that is they think that these flood would lead to more fertile land and that would lead to bumper crop in coming year in the flood- affected regions. According to analysis done by Dr. Abdul Rashid, Member Monitoring and Evaluation, Punjab Agriculture Board, he told Dawn.com and we quote This fertile layer will result in good yields in the coming years. According to former Federal Minister for Food Agriculture and Livestock Khair Muhammad Junejo, he said and we quote Flood overall effect for land will be beneficial. Dr Abdul Rashid further said and we quote The floods will recharge the water in the soil and underground water resources will increase. According to another expert Dr Shamsuddin Tunjo, professor at the faculty of Crop Production at the Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam is of the opnion and we quote: Plain lands may benefit in the terms of fertilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the floods erode away rich layers of soil and if water stands for a long time in the land, the next seasons crop may not be grown. C:Documents and SettingsFaizanaliDesktopp09_24420661.jpg This picture surely tells us what has happened to our agriculture land. According to the Facts Stated by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) which works under the United Nation Organization: It is almost impossible to measure the gravity of losses to the agriculture sector as they are huge and further unfolding. Almost 80% people in the flood affected areas rely on agriculture for their livelihood and they see it as their main source of income One of the toughest task that the farmers will have to face is to recover their land in time when the new season begins in September/ October. Overall throughout the country millions of people have lost their entire means to sustain themselves in the immediate and longer term, all this is due to the destruction/ damage of standing crops and means of agriculture production. According to FAO although they have completed in half of all flood affected districts shows that 1.3 million hectares of standing crops have been damaged. According to their statistics 0.5-0.6 million tones of wheat stock have been affected. According to their Livestock Department recent flood caused death of 1.2 large and small animals, and 6 million poultry. With the assessment still taking place, the losses are going to affect millions directly and indirectly and will have the direct impact on the countrys GDP as these crops would have to be imported to meet the countrys demand for wheat and rice. Response to needs in the agriculture sector cannot be ignored nor delayed. According to their estimates standing crops on over 10,000 hectares have been washed away and nearly 8000 livestock have been destroyed in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province alone. The worst affected districts are Swat, Nowshera, Charsadda, Shangla and Kohistan. Nowshera and Charsadda are the most fertile areas in the country producing variety of crops. Wheat is the main staple in Pakistan, fulfilling almost 35% of the average per capita calorie requirement in 2008. This year in Pakistan a record harvest took place for wheat around 23.4 million tones prior to flood, the flood water result in serious losses of wheat stocks that were held at household level. The loss of wheat can have a negative impact on the planting of next season which will begin in October/November because the flood have caused loss of seeds, fertilizers, livestock and savings. According to their estimates 1.2 million livestock and 6 million poultry have perished. One of the main reason that this figure is so high is because when people were rescued during the recent flood people did not take their animals with them and opted to save their life. The major challenge faced by different agencies working in Pakistan during this flood was to provide food to animals who survived as the supply was very limited and they face difficult task of transporting this food supply as majority of infrastructure was also destroyed. The United Nation has appealed for emergency assistant of $ 5.7 million for livestock. A closer look has been done by CASSIM Investments (PVT) LTD (18 Aug 2010) They have identified major crops that have been affected due to recent flood in Pakistan and they have given details of damages incurred by different crops. Cotton: It has been worst hit crop, as according to initial estimates we have lost as much as 2 million bales. This will direct impact on our textile industry and will lead to import of cotton. This will put pressure on our current account deficit and lead to deprecation of our currency. Wheat: According to them , they estimate they due to recent flood that have damaged wheat badly will lead to wheat shortage which is main staple in Pakistan. Rice: Pakistan is one of the main rice exporter in the world and they estimate that Pakistan might not be able to meet its target of rice exports this year as they expect losses in crop as well. This will result in loss of foreign exchange and widening of current account deficit Sugar: They have estimated a loss of 500,000 tonnes of sugar cane, approximately 2-3% of the sugar cane demand. They believe it will have minimum impact on the availability of refined sugar. Effect on Economy The congressional research report that was present to the congress member on recent flood in Pakistan stated the economic effects of floods. According to them it is too early to assess the damage caused by flood and it can only be assessed once the water goes away to examine the extent of damage caused to crops, housing, roads and bridges, electrical grid and other critical elements to its economic recovery. According to the preliminary assessment done by the Asian Development Bank and FAO shows that around 14% of cultivated land has been affected by floods, that resulted in loss of 25% of the cotton crop and some other crops, Pakistan has also lost 1% of its livestock and there is danger of this percentage rising due to feed shortages and lack of veterinary care after the flood waters recede. The broader effect of flood can also be felt with price of domestic items soaring and creating high inflation. In addition to this government spending on relief activities is going to widen the fiscal deficit. According to United Nation Organization it estimates that the recent flood will increase Pakistans fiscal deficit expenditures by $4 billion in fiscal year 2010/11. A preliminary evaluation reported submitted to the Pakistans ministry of finance has estimated that there will be zero percent GDP growth and 25% inflation this year. The figure shows that Pakistan is going to face tough challenges ahead in year 2010/11 because the targets set by the IMF (International monetary fund) varied with these figures. IMF set a target of 4.5% GDP growth and with 9% inflation. The long-term economic effects are not easy to assess. According to one source, repairing damaged infrastructure that includes roads, bridges and dames would cost Pakistan whopping $15 billion. There are 44 critical factors that will hamper the speed of Pakistans economic progress over the next few years. Now Pakistan which is already face tough challenges since 2008 has the lowest TAX-GDP ratio in the world with figures acc ounting to 8-9 %. The World Bank and the Asian Development have agreed to give loans $ 1 billion and $2 billion respectively but they have also attached conditions to these loans. The IMF which have provided loan of $ 10-11 billion have asked Pakistan to review its monetary policy and fiscal policy. They have set targets for Pakistan and prior to these floods Pakistan have failed to achieve some of the targets set by the International Monetary fund. The IMF set condition of lowering fiscal deficit to 5.1 % during this year while Pakistan exceeded this limit and had a fiscal deficit of 6.2 % of the GDP, now that flood have occurred it looks impossible that Pakistan would be able to meet the targets set by IMF. Pakistan have to pay back the loan to IMF by 2012/13 and it would cost the country $3 billion per year. Pakistan external debt has already amounted to $55.5 billion which is 56% of the GDP. These figures are a prove that Pakistan which is already unable to meet the requirements set by the international donors will find it impossible to meet the target after the recent flood that have moved Pakistan decades back. According to CASSIM INVESTMENTS (PVT) LTD They have stated that since the entire infrastructure have been badly destroyed specially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and some areas of Punjab. All this will have to build to revive economic activity and thus this has forced the government to cut down is Public Sector Development Program by almost 50 % this means that all the development projects which were taking place in order to improve the economy have now been stopped and the funds have been shifted towards the flood affected areas. They have also stated that the imports of goods for relief purpose will widen the current account deficit. Foreign Aid will help the country in the short term, but will constrict the amount of PSDP available with the financial cost burden in the future. A current account shortage will cause devaluation of the currency, which is favorable for sectors for exports but if we see in our country it will have negative impact because depreciation would result in high inflation damaging Pakistans fiscal policy and monetary policy. According to an article in Daily Times on August 29 2010 it states that and we quote Government of Pakistan will revise its economic growth targets and major budget projections in consultation with International Monetary Fund (IMF), official sources informed here on Saturday. Damage caused to the backbone of the economy; the agriculture sector of is provisionally estimated at Rs 244.6 billion and losses due to the damage to the infrastructure and private and public properties are estimated to be around Rs 600 billion in all four provinces, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan. Consultation on revision in macro-economic targets is to be taken during the ongoing fifth review of Pakistans economy with IMF authorities at Washington. Economic growth targets and major budget projections for the 2010-13 were approved under the Medium Term Budgetary Framework for the next three years, however, the floods have changed the entire scene on the economic landscape of the country that requires major revision. Devastation caused by the floods across the country has seriously damaged the main sectors of economy especially the agriculture sector and Pakistans development priorities have changed and a major portion of resources are being planned to divert towards rehabilitation of flood affecters. Recent floods across the country have caused devastations worth Rs 244.6 billion in the agriculture sector with maximum damage suffered by the small farmers who have faced a loss of around Rs 98 billion, some facing total annihilation of their crops. While on the other hand, Finance Ministry has convened an important meeting, to review key macroeconomic indicators of the country following devastation of floods. Sources said that meeting of the Medium Term Budgetary Framework (MTBF) being held at Ministry of Finance would review the rolling targets of key macroeconomic indicators for the next three years, which were unveiled in the budget. They recent floods have changed the economic priorities of the country and budgetary targets have become totally irrelevant on the face of massive displacement caused by worst ever floods in the history of the country. This information is expected to be shared with IMF during talks currently underway in Washington that would continue till September 2. Growth target of 4.5 percent for 2010-11 was to reach 5 percent in 2011-12 and 5.5 percent for 2012- 2013 under the MTBF. Sources said that growth target for the current fiscal year as well as for the next two years would have to be revised because of the devastating floods whose impact on economy would remain for the next few years. Inflation was targeted to be brought down to 9.5 per cent in the ongoing fiscal year and 8 and 7 percent for 2011-12 and 2012-13 respectively. These targets have become irrelevant and would be readjusted in view of the present situation; the same is the case with revenue collection targets. The governments revenue collection targets of 15.2 percent of the GDP for the ongoing fiscal year and 15.5 and 15.9 percent for the next two years respectively are unlikely to be met. http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Slideshows/_production/ss-100730-Pakistan-floods/ss-100819-Pakistan-floods-03.ss_full.jpg One of the many industries drowned in the flood. Dr. Amjad Waheed, CFA, Chief Executive Officer of NBP Fullerton Asset Management Limited (Formerly National Fullerton Asset Management Limited) has written an in depth article on the countrys economic condition and has projected the future trends in our economy. Highlights are given below. Total Losses estimated at 5.8% of GDP. Around 15% of the Pakistani population has been affected by the floods. According to some initial estimates agricultural losses may exceed Rs 250 billion whereas infrastructure losses may exceed Rs 600 billion. Thus total estimated losses of around US$10 billion will equal 5.8% of Pakistans GDP. Economic Growth rate expected to be subdued. We expect agriculture sector to show a negative growth, and industry and services sector to grow by about 3%. We project corporate earnings to rise by 14% over the next four quarters, down from our previous estimates of 18% growth. Fiscal Deficit is expected to balloon to 7.5% of GDP in FY11. The slowdown in economy as a result of the floods will make tax collection target of Rs 1.7 trillion extremely difficult to achieve. On the other hand, government expenditures are expected to rise substantially to re-build the infrastructure in the floods-affected areas and rehabilitate the effected families. Domestic Government borrowing in the form of Treasury Bills and National Savings Schemes is also expected to rise substantially. In the months of July and August 2010, the Government Treasury Bills stock has already risen by about Rs 137 billion. This will also continue to crowd out the private sector. As a result, the budget deficit is estimated to cross 7.5% of GDP in FY11. Inflation and Interest Rates are expected to rise further. The imposition of value added tax from October, damage to crops from floods, projected rise in utility prices and expected additional taxes to support people affected with floods may result in inflation rising to around 15% in FY11. Stock Market performance expected to remain lackluster in FY11. Floods are expected to have a negative impact on the banking industry, auto industry and oil marketing companies, at least in the short run. In the remaining period of FY11 the stock market may not be able to show a double digit growth from the current levels. The Margin Trading System, even if implemented, is not going to make a significant difference to the performance of the Pakistani stock market, in my opinion, as the economic and political fundamentals will take time to improve. Trade and Current Account Deficit are expected to Rise. Pakistans exports will suffer due to damage to the key crops and textile sector resulting from floods, as well as power shortfall and high inflation. Pakistans imports, on the other hand, are expected to show an increase due to import of around 2-3 million bales of cotton and food products. Investors are advised to remain conservative and prefer money market funds relative to equity funds for the time being. Effect on Banks The Moodys investor services changed the long-term local currency deposit ratings and bank financial strength ratings of the big-5 banks from stable to negative, said Muniba Saeed, an analyst at Invest Capital, here Saturday. The change in the outlook of the banks was driven mainly by the impact of flood giving rise to economic challenges. The food shortage and rising input prices will further hinder the corporate sectors recovery due to the slowdown in the economic growth and inflationary pressures. The rating agency expects that higher input prices would lead to a loss of competitiveness in certain export-oriented sectors, especially textiles. According to data from the State Bank of Pakistan, the banking sector exposure to textiles as of June stood at eight per cent of the total exposure, however, the banking sector exposure to cumulative textiles and the crop growing category of agriculture stood at 11 per cent of the total, or Rs635 billion. As textiles being the highest borrower in the manufacturing sector, such dependence are likely to dent the sectors profitability, owing to increased provisioning requirement and resultant increased probability of the non-performing loans. The banks non-performing loans (NPLs) have grown to an alarming level of Rs456 billion by March this year on the back of a sliding economy, according to the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). The increasing NPLs are squeezing the profits of the banks, as they are required under the prudential regulations to make provisions against their bad debt. National Bank of Pakistan, the lender with the highest delinquency ratio, faces an increase in loan failures after the worst flooding in the countrys history damaged farmland in areas where the bank lends. Syed Ali Raza, the banks president, said in an interview in Karachi, There will certainly be some impact on non-performing loans. The impact will be containable but it will be there. He continued, While there were immediate losses from floods largely in the agriculture sector, there is a positive side to the disaster as it has refreshed farmland across the country. The yield from those farms is likely to improve with better, more fertile soil and availability of water in the next season. Abdul Shakur, a research analyst at BMA Capital Management Ltd. in Karachi said With around 25 percent of its total lending to agriculture related business, it will be a real challenge for National Bank to register growth in profit, He estimates a 22 percent decline in National Banks profit in 2010. Muhammad Imran, head of research at Arif Habib Investment Ltd. in Karachi said The flood losses and the discount rate rise may limit the ability of borrowers to return loans. Banks may be asked to reschedule and ease terms. The central bank said in an e-mailed statement Given the likely impact of the recent floods, ongoing challenging economic environment, power shortages and security situation in the country, the increased portfolio of non- performing loans and heightened credit risk remain the major challenge for the banking system. Effects on the Imports/Exports The recent floods in Pakistan have badly affected the Pakistans economy. The floods as caused a widespread destruction badly affecting the infrastructure, the farmlands and many industries. The floods have caused destruction to cotton, wheat and rice crops extensively thereby affecting the exports of finished products such as textile, and also raw material such as rice and cotton bales. According to the USDA Report, Due to the devastating floods, Post revises its 2010/11 rice production estimates for Pakistan to 4.4 MMT, a decrease of 32%. Pakistani rice exports for 2010/11 are similarly reduced to an estimated 2.3 MMT, a decline of 36%. Rice is Pakistans second largest export product and the reduction in rice exports is expected to have implications for its balance of payments. However the figures given for cotton are bleaker, as before Pakistan used to export cotton but now this year Pakistan is forced to import cotton from India and other countries to meet its own local demand and also in order to fulfill the export orders. According to Fibre to Fashion (a leading textile news website), More than one million bales of cotton crops have been destroyed, and the Government is not in the capacity to achieve its target of 14 million bales of annual production. Due to this, Pakistan, being Asias fourth largest producer of cotton is likely to fall back by 10-15% of its cotton production. Incessant downpour has damaged the fields in Piplan Layyah, Mianwali, and Mithankot. Regions in the Central Punjab such as Rajanpur, Lyia, Rahimyar Khan, and DG Khan were seriously affected losing thousands of bales of cotton crop. Areas of Ghotki, Daherki, Sukkar, and Naushehro Feroz, Bhakkar, Jhang, Shorkot, and Mianwali were also affected by floods. This devastation has badly affected the Pakistani industry as well, and the destruction would also create difficulties as the raw material would not be available; however there are some positive feelings that the cotton would be imported with already huge shipments in line and that would help in meeting the international export orders. Also Pakistan has been able to achieve concessions from EU for exporting its produce with lesser duties thereby giving a lifeline to the industrial sector. Methodology: Our research is totally based on collection of data through articles, interviews and reports. We have found articles and reports on internet that have been previously written on this topic. We have collected facts and figures from websites of NGOs, Social welfares and government. We have conducted interviews with the NGOs and the welfare organizations to try to get the answers of our research questions. One of our group member also went to the affected places to try to know the ground situation. We have divided our research question into four categories and found their answers individually as well. We have gathered around 40 articles and from that we have shortlisted 17 articles. Analysis If we take into account the data above we can just analyze that Pakistans economy and other sectors have been adversely affected by the recent flood. It is not a vague statements but we have will proved it with facts and figures that although the recent flood have some positive impact as well but the negative effects over weigh the positive effect of recent flood of 2010. According to the statements given by Ali Raza the president of National bank of Pakistan says and we quote: There will certainly be some impact on non-performing loans. The impact will be containable but it will be there. He continued, While there were immediate losses from floods largely in the agriculture sector, there is a positive side to the disaster as it has refreshed farmland across the country. The yield from those farms is likely to improve with better, more fertile soil and availability of water in the next season. He is of the view that yes banks will be facing tough time in coming future but the agriculture sector can take out some positives from this flood that is more fertile land means bumper crop. The availability of water and more fertile soil will benefit the farmers in the long run, at the same time he was of the view that banks will start having a impact of the flood next year means start of 2011 when people would be unable to pay their loans and percentage % of non- performing loans will increase. So this shows that one sector of the economy will have to face tough time in near future while the other sector can take out some positives from the recent flood. According to former Federal Minister for Food Agriculture and Livestock Khair Muhammad Junejo, he said and we quote Flood overall effect for land will be beneficial. This also shows that the former minister is of the view that yes indeed flood have caused damages to farmland in this year but it will have a positive impact in the next year with more fertile land and with availability of water. Abdul Shakur, a research analyst at BMA Capital Management Ltd. in Karachi said With around 25 percent of its total lending to agriculture related business, it will be a real challenge for National Bank to register growth in profit, He estimates a 22 percent decline in National Banks profit in 2010 This statement shows that Abdul Shakur who is one of the experts is of the view that this flood will not only harm agriculture sector but the banking sector as well because banking sector relies heavily on the agriculture sector with quarter of its loans are being given to agriculture sector. When the National Bank of Pakistan will be facing tough time showing profit this means all the other banks will have a much larger impact if the agriculture fails to pay back their loans. The United Nation organization estimates that the recent flood will increase Pakistans fiscal deficit by 4$ billion that means with the current exchange rate Pakistan fiscal deficit will increase by 350 billion rupees. Pakistan who is already face challenges because of their war on terror and does not look good economy wise. Their targets set by IMF were 5.1 % of the GDP for fiscal deficit but they exceeded these targets by more than one percent and achieved 6.2% prior to these flood. This flood will not make things better for Pakistan but worse According to the Prime Minister of Pakistan Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani the government have decided to cut their PSDP (Public Sector Development Projects) by 50 % this means that from 650 billion government will only utilize around 325 billion and the rest of the funds wil

Security And Privacy On The Internet Essay -- Computer Security

Many users are subject of Security and Privacy on the Internet issue. The term "information" now is more used when defining a special product or article of trade which could be bought, sold, exchanged, etc. Often the price of information is higher many times than the cost of the very computers and technologies where it is functioning. Naturally it raises the need of protecting information from unauthorized access, theft, destruction, and other crimes. However, many users do not realize that they risk their security and privacy online. First, I want to describe who the subjects of the issue are. In my opinion, the issue is the most relevant for the private and commercial information. Home users risk their security while connected to Internet. It is obvious that many people store private information such as Social Security and credit card numbers, as it is more convenient than to enter them every time completing a form for an online purchase. Hackers do not have to attack every user individually, they write special viruses named "Worms" and "Trojan horses" which, once run, could spread in a global scale. These programs may have different functions from gathering personal data to logging pressed keys and e-mailing the information to a hacker. Even if a user does not keep any valuable information, his or her computer does have a value for a hacker. "If you think that your small computer could not become an object of offence because it is very small, then you are mistaken. Even if it doesn't contain anything worthwhile , it could be perfectly used for breaking in other, more significant system." (A. Zaharchenko, Futurology without future [Computerra], 2002). Not rarely, competing entrepreneurs with the help of unlawful means wan... ...nowledge about threats of security and privacy issue on the Internet, one could feel less vulnerable and use Internet with confidence. References Zaharchenko, A. (2002, December 24). Futurology without future. Retrieved March 14, 2005, from http://www.computerra.ru/print/softerra/technologizm/22926/ Honeycutt, J. (2004, April 20). How to protect your computer from Spyware and Adware. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/security/expert/honeycutt_spyware.mspx IDS: Classification (2002, December 4). Retrieved March 12, 2005, from http://www.xakep.ru/post/17052/default.asp Stalsen, (2001, February 28). Researching Firewalls. Retrieved March 13, 2005, from http://www.xakep.ru/post/17052/default.asp Anonymity for lazy people (2004, June 17). Retrieved March 14, 2005, from http://www.xakep.ru/post/22763/default.asp

Naturalism in Jack Londons “To Build a Fire” Essay

Even with our ability to tame some sides of nature, there are still certain conditions and forces which are beyond control; we inevitably are left with no will, powerless against nature’s indifferent influence. This struggle against nature is depicted by many authors of the 19th and early 20th centuries, using key concepts of naturalism and determinism, a key component of naturalist theory, as a foundation and philosophy for many of these stories. Jack London and Stephen Crane are notorious for their writings which have been regarded as cornerstones of naturalist theory in classic American literature. Stories such as â€Å"to Build a Fire†, â€Å"The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky†, convey themes of naturalism and universal determinism in order to show the protagonist’s lack of free will in his constant battle with nature, often foreshadowing catastrophe and displaying natural instinct found within each character. In theory of Naturalism, nature holds certain p recepts that even our own will and integrity cannot bend or break. Charles Darwin, creator of the theory of evolution, believed in patterns of natural selection and that over time our environment will shape our genetics. Even we as humans, in Darwin theory, are susceptible to change as we have no free will and our environment shapes and determine things for us. We in speculation have no control over our own fates; we only have choices that will lead us towards a certain future, one that is decided by nature, and not the individual. In the story, â€Å"To Build a Fire†, London makes us aware that the protagonist is completely unaware of that notion, he believes with his own determination and will he can conquer the deepest hardships of the wild, attempting to defy the words spoken to him by the old man at Sulphur Creek. The adventurer simply believes through his own resolve that this expedition is simply an obstacle to which he can survive, but when set against nature in this environment, survival is the key concept, a profound element when talking about Naturalism. The forces of nature and its destructiveness are beyond the protagonist’s control, and London makes that point when he talks about the cold and its effects on the explorer, saying â€Å"But, rub as he would, the instant he stopped his cheekbones were numb, and the following instant the end of his nose went numb.†(London, pg 1064) Though the man, through his own determination, attempts to warm himself by  rubbing his cheeks and the end of his nose with his mitten, he is unable to fulfill this desire, as nature takes hold of his destiny. This sense that nature prevails can also be read in lines such as â€Å"He pulled the mitten on the right hand, and beat it fiercely against his knee† (London, pg 1064) He is essentially fighting, savagely, against nature though is unable to triumph. It is somewhere between his spittle freezing and his face forming frostbite that the man should come to some conclusion about his place in nature. Yet as London described before, his inability to recognize the â€Å"significance† of nature and her power puts him in an awful position. His conceit will continue to lead him towards a desolate and bleak future, until finally he will become helpless and feeble amongst the supremacy of nature. It is important to note that the first incident sprung on to the character in this story is passed off as something of bad luck, â€Å"He cursed his luck aloud†(London, pg 1063 ). The word luck whether bad or good, implicates his lack of free will, luck is something not controlled by him, as suggested by the naturalist theory. It is even more important to take note of phrasing used in his second and most devastating incident. London uses the phrase, â€Å"It was his own fault or, rather his mistake†(London, pg 1062) when describing the occasion when the spruce tree collapses onto his final chances for survival. London follows fault with mistake in order to convey to the reader that his fault would mean him bearing responsibility, rather it is then stated as a mistake, meaning an incident a bit more outside of his control. In the naturalist theory there are choices, but all choices lead towards certain predetermined futures. The man made the ill-fated decision to build his fire under the tree shrouded in tons of snow, just as all through the story he has been continually attempting to overcome nature’s wrath throughout the story. His conceit had caught up with him as nature took control of the mistake and extinguished his only chances of making it out alive. Survival as mentioned before is a key concept of Naturalism, it is vital in the struggle against nature, in order to beat the unfavorabl e conditions of nature, one must survive. In order to survive one must have keen instincts to thrive in the wild, and in the story, London uses the man’s mammal companion and his owner, in order to show this necessity for instinct. The protagonist has a certain level of intellect, which gets him by, yet he still needs matches to create his fire  and he needs a map in order to guide him to certain locations, all which exercise ones intellect. None of these require instinct, only a certain methodology and knowledge of the items. In the sense of his intellect as opposed to the dog’s instinct, the man’s knowledge of his complicated tools can only take him so far, but eventually lead to error, such as his fingers becoming too numb to strike his matches to create a fire. The dog on the other hand is able to rely solely on instinct in order to overcome the veracity of nature, such as burying itself into the snow when it becomes cold or gnawing the ice between its extremities. Although the man cannot rely on fur in order to keep his warmth, London still shows us that the instinct of the dog prevails the man’s subpar intellect. London even agrees upon the statement, â€Å"This man did not know co ld. Possibly all the generations of his ancestry had been ignorant of cold, of real cold, of cold one hundred and seven degrees below freezing-point. But the dog knew; all its ancestry knew and it had inherited the knowledge.†(London, pg 1061) If the man had similar instinct as the dog and understood the severity of the cold, he could have been more cautious in his approach and possibly survived the misfortunes to come or not even have began the expedition of impending doom. Though the man took his intellect for granted, if his instinct were stronger he would have known not to build his fire under the tree. His method had led him thus far and would eventually lead him to death, as the dog would survive and using his instincts to find the nearest suppliers of food and fire. In Crane’s novel, â€Å"The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky†, Crane has set up an environment which contrast the more natural element of the Yukon in â€Å"To Build a Fire†. The story revolves around a more civil setting, with the town of Yellow Sky which serves as a reflection of the old west. Coming back to the notion of determinism, it can be found that every character has a notable lack of free will amongst society. Even at the beginning of the story the protagonist, Jack Potter, is on a train which is very symbolic of his lack of free will, a continuous and predetermined path. Also we get a sense of the influence of nature on Jack as the story depicts , â€Å"The m an’s face was reddened from many days in the wind and sun, and a direct result of his new black clothes was that his brick-colored hands were constantly performing in a most conscious fashion†.(Crane) As the story progresses the reader is informed of Jack’s current condition, to which he  has claimed to have â€Å"gone headlong over all the social hedges†( Crane ) This custom of going against social norms describes yet another characteristic of naturalism, just as in London’s story, we see a man who defies advice and travels into the heart of the Yukon alone. Also this defiance of social values shows the animal like instinct within Potter, whether he was acting out of lust or loneliness, he resorted to some â€Å"sharp impulse† which presents an instinct within himself, one not well thought out. He is nervous in his approach towards home and his attempt to exercise free will has proved disheartening as he fears what others might think of his illicit behavior. He is confined and his will is broken. As the perspective switches to Yellow Sky we see a town very much stuck in the tradition of the old west. With the social conventions surrounding Yellow Sky, society have again proved as an authoritive and dominating control. The town is almost dictated by societal customs, such as the closing of the saloon when scratchy strolls through befuddled and bellicose. This is routine for the town as the bar tender mentions â€Å"No, he can’t break down that door,† replied the barkeeper. â€Å"He’s tried it three times.†(Crane) Almost satirizing the idea of the old west as nobody is that distraught except for the drummer from the east. This act of Scratchy continuously terrorizing the town gives us the idea of the force of social conventions and their plight upon the town. Determinism dictates the town as they wait while Scratchy displays his power and for their sheriff to eventually show up and smother Scratchy’s hostility. When Jack shows up with his new bride it can be inferred that Crane introduces the hero aspect detailed in the theme of naturalism. Throughout the book we see a man who is quite nervous and hesitant around his bride, but when pitted against his old adversary Scratchy, Jack takes up the role of the hero. When approached by Scratchy he is vulnerable and relates this to scratchy when he says, â€Å"You know I fight when it comes to fighting, Scratchy Wilson, but I ain’t got a gun on me. You’ll have to do all the shootin’ yourself.†(Crane) Throughout the story we see that Jack has a hindered sense of free will as he frets over societies view of himself and it is t hen foreshadowed he will encounter his long time foe Scratchy who dictates Jacks everyday job as Sheriff. But it is here at the end that we see Jack triumph over these social concerns by sacrificing himself and then overcoming Scratchy. By the end of the story we Jack as the ideal naturalist  hero, one who has overcome the dilemmas of the natural world. Naturalism is an idea that can explain many aspects of society. For instance the very reason I write this paper is to earn a degree that I must obtain in order to live a better life in the future, whether or not it is truley what I want to pursue. There are non-fictional accounts of men whom have abandoned the tyranny and mediocrity of their society and entered the wild only to gain a freedom they’ve never had, some of whom are inspired by these naturalistic writers. London and Crane give their readers a sense of what nature holds, often conveying how wonderfully aesthetic the natural world can be. It is possible to learn from naturalism and the literature that surrounds it, to understand how powerful nature is and how corrupt society has become. All of our naturalistic heroes whether fictional or non fictional, depart this life in a similar manner. They pass fighting the wilderness, conquering society, or stepping outside of their own confines and crossing new bounds. When they depart this life it is death by surviving in the natural world, a place where only few truths in this world are found. In the midst of their last moments, they slip into the most comfortable sleep they have ever known.

Impact Of Terrorist Activities On Tourist Areas Tourism Essays

Impact Of Terrorist Activities On Tourist Areas Tourism Essays Impact Of Terrorist Activities On Tourist Areas Tourism Essay Impact Of Terrorist Activities On Tourist Areas Tourism Essay Introduction TUI served more than 18 million clients in twelvemonth 2005 and is the largest group in regard of size, employee figure and operating net income. With the focal point of going European leader TUI started a series of acquisitions.TUI has more than 200 good established trade names like first pick, Thomson, Nouvelles Frontiere, Jet air and many others. TUI is besides the Europe s largest vacation hotelkeeper with a concatenation of monolithic 285 plus hotels. It held 75 circuit operators in 18 states with a strong clasp in transporting concern every bit good ( Refer instance survey ) . TUI has added advantage as they are really good able to pull off their air hose and hotel capacities. The company central office are in Crawley, UK.TUI now employees 50,000 people runing across 6 continents. With the amalgamation of TUI group and the UK travel group First pick vacations PLC TUI travel was formed in twelvemonth 2007. This study focuses on environmental analyses of the touristry industry, a nalyses the grounds for TUI being the European leader in travel A ; touristry industry with analyzing the impact of altering concern environment on the hereafter of TUI. Finally it analyses the assorted utilizations and restrictions of the tools used. PESTEL ANALYSIS ( Refer appendix 3 ) Political analysis Terrorist activities on tourer countries decidedly impact the economic system of a state. Tourism industry is considered to be universe s largest employer. The investing from outside is affected if there are perennial onslaughts. Tighter in-migration Torahs emerged as a consequence of increasing degrees of terrorist act globally. Political instability lowers the assurance of people sing that state like in instance of Zimbabwe and Pakistan ( Hindu, 2002 ) . Due to free trade policies the authorities intercessions has decreased which in bend suppressed the unreal monetary values promoting travel and touristry. Government plans in UK ( during 2003 ) indicates a strategic model for development of airdrome capacity therefore in bend encouraging travel. Economic analysis International touristry experienced a downswing during twelvemonth 2003 with 697 million international tourer reachings compared to 709 million in 2002 due to eroding of concern in the wake of September 11 ( tui-group, 2009 ) . With low disposable income during the economic meltdown, people now tend to cut down their traveling disbursals by curtailing their circuit to shorter finishs. The premium for insurance has shown a leap of 500 % to 1000 % because station 9/11 onslaughts people try to extinguish the component of hazard which added to cost of pull offing concern. There is an addition in the degree of touristry from emerging economic systems like China and India. With the reaching of big figure of low cost air hoses it is indispensable for TUI to keep a competitory cost construction as their profitableness could diminish. Socio-cultural analysis Harmonizing to recent survey, it is acquiring more expensive to vacation abroad. Peoples in Britain due to tighter pockets prefer to vacation at place. Changing attitudes of people towards wellness and safety resulted in Southwest air hoses anchoring its 44 aircrafts ( CNN, 2008 ) . European ordinances allow its citizen to go without the demand of any extra travel paperss ( visa ) when they are going within Europe, EU citizens do nt necessitate to undergo any particular formalities. This surely helped in growing of touristry within Europe. In recent old ages advance engagement of vacations is diminishing. Peoples now prefer to book shortly before the travel clip. Even participants like TUI are limited in pull offing capacity to last infinitesimal displacements in buying forms of consumer ensuing in decreased net income borders. Technological analysis Home-entertainment systems are going slightly a replacement for touristry. New technological inventions like videogames and cyberspace provides enjoyment in comfort of place. Internet resulted in heavy losingss to go bureaus because of direct engagement via online. Now clients can easy compare costs of each constituent of their vacation utilizing the cyberspace seting extra monetary value force per unit area ( Refer appendix 7 ) . Internet on the one manus resulted in the ruin of travel bureaus it encouraged new market participants like lastminutetickets.com and assorted others ( German travel industry, 2008 ) . Environmental analysis The environment is non able to get by with extra use of resources. Natural catastrophes like inundations are direct cause of dirt eroding and assorted other factors. The clime protection is a topic of high precedence these yearss in the touristry industry. Global warming due to shriveling natural resources and extra waste are some other countries of immediate concerns. All touristry companies are puting criterions in conformity with the altering environmental issues to increase the degree of touristry. Natural catastrophe like tsunami in the Indian Ocean resulted in immense losingss to Asiatic touristry industry and diseases like SARS and Swine grippe consequences in falling degrees of touristry in accomplished states. Legal analysis The civil air power organic structures in each state develop and supervise the safety criterions. Now safety is seen as a mean of deriving competitory advantage. Environmental ordinances are besides imposed which include cutting noise and C02 emanation degrees. With these criterions in topographic point people consider aircrafts a safe manner to go. Tourism concern cost can significantly lift if authorities issues new ordinances to wellness and safety or environment. These ordinances limit the operational efficiency of a company. Uses of PESTEL 1: Used to look at the chief scenarios impacting the scheme. 2: Informed and right determinations can be taken for future with the designation of cardinal scenarios in the present. 3: PESTEL ensures that a company s public presentation is positively aligned with the powerful forces of alteration ( Byars L ; 1992 ) . 4: It helps to rapidly accommodate to the altering concern environment. 5: This analysis is utile in understanding the market growing or diminution, concern place and way for TUI ( Kotler, P. , 1990 ) . Restrictions to PESTEL 1: The variables in this theoretical account are extremely bad so analysis of yesteryear may non be the indicant for future, in instance of TUI there is a demand to carry on separate analysis in order to place deductions of altering environment. 2: The degree of uncertainness is really hard to place. 3: There are limitless macro economic factors and analyzing all of them is really hard practically. 4: Predictions are used in this analysis so it may or may non be accurate. PORTER S FIVE FORCES ( Refer appendix 4 ) The menace of new entrants for TUI is low. It had a strong base of 18 million clients and a turnover of a‚Â ¬ 14 billion in 2005. TUI acquired already established participants, in twelvemonth 2005 it had 25 % interest in Thomas cook which is one of the oldest in touristry industry runing since 1800 s. Recent promotion in telecommunication and place amusement system are non a strong replacement so the menace of replacements is low. TUI owned more than 100 aircrafts which consequences in backward integrating. They are the circuit operators with a large ball of market portion. As these two concern units ( air hose ownership and tour operations ) are complimentary to each other they give rise to synergy ( Ensign, 1998 ) . Because of its place in the European market TUI has several options in footings of providers ensuing in low dickering power of providers. Buyer has low exchanging cost but for warrant of satisfaction purchaser has to trust on cardinal participants in the market. The touristry is a turning market and TUI is an constituted trade name with a big figure of loyal clients. A company can better its strategic position by happening providers or purchasers who possess the least power to act upon it adversely ( Kelly, 2008 ) . Its chief rivals were Thomas Cook, MyTravel, etc. There is a moderate degree of competitory competition. TUI s touristry division operates at all chief phases of touristry value concatenation and are bettering their place in the market. TUI can lose clients or can see low net income borders due to increasing competition in turning touristry industry. TUI s rivals give advantage of ego made bundles in which the clients themselves can take each constituent of their vacation. Tourism is a turning industry with WTO calculating 1 billion tourer reachings by 2010 ( Refer instance survey ) . In a turning industry if an administration wants growing it does so by anticipating its ain growing through promotion in market topographic point ( Johnson et al. , 2005 ) . Uses of Porters Five Force Analysiss 1: It helps to analyze the kineticss of industries or sector. 2: It helps to analyze the profitableness of the industry as a whole. The high degree of these forces denotes that industry is extremely competitory and may non be attractive to vie in every bit hyper competition might predominate in the industry. Restrictions of Porters Five Force Analysiss 1: It is rather a helpful tool in placing industry construction but it assumes market construction to be comparatively inactive and is non able to integrate dynamism of the industries. Hyper competition might be reduced with the acquisition of rival and that will assist to increase power over the purchasers and providers. 2: The single analysis of different sections of industry can be of much aid compared to the industry as a whole, as TUI operates in different sectors analyzing each of the sectors of the industry can supply utile consequences. 3: Industry construction is affected by convergence. 4: It does non take into consideration the menace of complementary merchandises which can be offered with the chief merchandise for which clients are prepared to pay more. 5: The human resource facet of scheme is neglected in five forces theoretical account, it does non see civilization and direction accomplishments. 6: Analyzing a complex industry construction gets really tough as five forces model is best suited and applicable for simple market constructions. 7: Five forces model focal point on the external competitory environment and do non look inside the company s internal environment. In contrast to this resource base position high spots that there should be a tantrum between the two environments. Strategic capablenesss and competitory advantage Competitive advantage is accomplishable if an administration has capablenesss that no other can copy ( Johnson et al.,2008 ) .TUI offers differentiated merchandises that no other participant can fit, in add-on to that these merchandises are tailored to include extra installations ( TUI Travel, 2008 ) . Their effectual distribution channel and direct merchandising increase their net income borders. They provide clients with direct entree and by bettering the experience of engagement, their travel clip and after gross revenues service they strengthen their client trueness and keeping. Competitive advantage is created and sustained when a company has alone capablenesss. TUI s circuit operators determine their flight capacity supplying premium border. They manage their capacity in conformity to altering environment. They provide clients with lower monetary values and extra merchandise characteristics. Making certain that needed attending is paid to accomplishing and bettering the cost ef ficiency is an of import strategic capableness. Effective direction of cost can assist accomplishing competitory advantage. The chief cost drivers in instance of TUI that determines cost efficiency are discussed these drivers help them to achieve cost leading.1 ) TUI is the taking European circuit operator ( Refer appendix 1 ) and enjoys the assorted advantages of economic systems of scale.2 ) Their operations in broad geographical locations helps to cut down supplier cost and with backward integrating they further lower down cost incurred. In add-on to this by doing direct gross revenues ( 75 % ) they cut down their disbursals.3 ) their cost place is influenced by their ability to understand what their clients want. Differentiated merchandises generate 46 % of their mainstream circuit operator turnover. 4 ) They acquired experient participants and have all the cognition to help them to accomplish cost efficiency ( Johnson et al. , 2008 ) . TUI s competitory range is really wide and attains competitory advantage through overall cost leading. Their strong base of loyal clients indicates that they maintain their place as European touristry industry leaders. Using the benefits of decreased providers cost they give their merchandise the advantage of lower monetary value compared to any of its rivals ( Refer appendix 6 ) . Resources Competence Capabilities for competitory advantage Unique Resources Differentiated Product offering. Power Brands. Effective distribution channels. Core Competences Ability to pull off capacity. Backward Integration. Economies of graduated table. TUI s VALUE CHAIN ( Refer Appendix 5 ) TUI created their ain providers ( ex air hoses, hotels ) cutting the intermediates in the supply concatenation, it helped TUI to distribute across the value concatenation. With backward integrating they cut provider cost and provided the client with same merchandise at a cheaper monetary value therefore achieving cost leading. TUI s touristry division map division operates at all chief phases of a touristry value concatenation, whether it be retail gross revenues of merchandise through travel bureaus, air transit or be it hotels. There to the full incorporate concern theoretical account provide the advantage to consumer runing from broad assortment of all inclusive travel bundle to single merchandises like flight merely or adjustment merely. Strengths: TUI strengths gave them added advantage every bit compared to their rivals. They obtain competitory advantage through there scheme of cost leading. They have all the resources and experience to prolong the competitory advantage. TUI has good established and effectual distribution channels. Peoples can choose for either booking through their renowned travel bureaus or through cyberspace or call Centres. TUI adopted several steps to better their client service. They on a regular basis conduct studies to better their trade name portfolio. TUI operates in two cardinal sections i.e. mainstream which includes sale of differentiated merchandises and other is their specializer constituent which include engagements of flights, autos etc. TUI offers a broad scope of differentiated merchandises that no other participant in the industry can fit. The differentiated merchandises provided them with added competitory advantage and with earlier engagements they generate premium borders. TUI acquired already established participants so it helped them to derive better experience. Economies of scale benefit for TUI. Backward integrating in instance of TUI resulted in decrease of provider cost. Failings TUI does non supply ample inexpensive adjustments as bulk of the hotels they own are luxury hotels. So there is a tough competition from the inexpensive hotel providers to TUI. TUI should see of possessing more of the budget hotels. TUI 900 million lb of stockholder loan is a major drawback ( Financial Times, 2009 ) . Likely deductions of altering concern environment TUI is the largest participant in the European market. TUI can come in into hedges against the fluctuations in the fuel monetary values. If TUI gets into understanding to pay a stable monetary value it can endure losingss in the hereafter as oil monetary values may travel down. The fuel monetary values are capable to political and economical factors that are beyond the control of TUI. TUI doubled their fuel surcharge in 2008 ; higher surcharge may ensue in clients traveling for its rivals offering inexpensive trades ( Guardian, 2008 ) . No state is safe from the menace of a terrorist onslaught. Terrorism is coercing many states to follow stricter and tighter in-migration Torahs. Now a visa applier has to undergo rigorous cheques before being granted the needed permission. The degree of terrorist act is on rise in emerging economic systems like India, the onslaught on Mumbai province received world-wide attending. TUI buys capacity on both long and short term contracts. The contacts require TUI to purchase a certain sum of capacity each twelvemonth. These contracts allow TUI to switch some capacity back to hotels and air hoses. Any terrorist incident with TUI can ensue in people developing perceptual experience of TUI as less safe or dependable than its rivals. TUI needs to regularly supervise the preventative steps they have applied to undertake the menace of any terrorist activity, this may take to breaks in normal concern finally taking to loss. With competition acquiring tougher everyone is seeking to last. There is a demand for low cost circuit bundles which is good for big participants as they normally exploit the benefit of economic systems of graduated table. TUI can tackle this market as there is no other rival with such big market portion. TUI s ain providers help to cut down overall cost of the merchandise they offer. With any economic downswings in the hereafter there can be a important bead in travel and touristry. Decrease in gross revenues and decrease in the engagements came as a direct consequence of economic lag ( SkyNews, 2009 ) . The hotel concatenation of TUI needs to regularly update their license understandings. A touristry company has to stay with broad scope of wellness A ; safety and environmental ordinances in each phase of its concern. The aircraft noise has to be in allowable bounds, they besides have to cut down their C emanation degrees. New environmental or wellness A ; safety ordinances may increase the costs of TUI significantly The cardinal drivers of alteration can impact how TUI operates conducts its normal concern activities ensuing in deduction of altering schemes with the demands of the current market. Opportunities The client demands are altering ; TUI provides flexible travel experience with a broad scope of differentiated merchandises. Introducing into new European markets some specialist trade names aiming activity and specializer sector. They are bring forthing premium borders with early engagements and flexibleness in aircraft and adjustment contracts. The operating net income can be farther increased via provider and 3rd party distributer funded price reductions and capacity direction across the portfolio. Expanding the group and making value through acquisition. Strengthening place in emerging markets like Russia. Menaces Economic conditions-Recession Restrictive capacity direction in all beginnings of market-Losses They own really few budget hotels. Most of the hotels they own autumn in luxury class. Lower occupation security, increased clip spent in instruction implies that there are longer period of low income for clients relative to the outgo. With merely 44.8 % German travelers with net income less than euro 1000 traveling for a vacation of 5 yearss or more ( German travel industry, 2008 ) . Changing demands of the client. Terrorism Fluctuating oil monetary values Impact of altering concern environment on TUI s hereafter Swot: -Uses An administration can back up its hereafter programs related to strategic development efficaciously after analyzing the mentioned factors ( SWOT ) . It addresses the cardinal issue by assisting to place the relevant information. A complex state of affairs is easy analysed utilizing this theoretical account. Swot: Restrictions The degree of importance is non clearly understood out of the assorted factors identified utilizing the SWOT analysis. It merely provides the overview of the topic but does non supply aid to acquire any inside informations. Using this analysis we can value the competency of an administration, but it is non understood. Categorizing some facet as strengths, failing, chances or menaces is to some extent subjective as they may non ever suit into that class. Ansoff s Matrix ( Refer appendix 8 ) . Sellers with the usage of Ansoff matrix consider ways of spread outing their concern chances via bing or new merchandises into bing or new markets. TUI has a considerable portion in touristry industry. It has penetrated profoundly in to go and tourism market with its operations in all chief parts of touristry value concatenation. With its cost leading advantage it offers low cost options to its clients beef uping its client trueness and keeping. To set with the altering demands of the touristry industry TUI started selling single travel constituents like flight merely or adjustment merely option. TUI s rivals started offering these markets in the early 2000 s giving a new merchandise to the market ( Johnson et al. , 2005 ) . TUI ever looks forward to spread out its concern by capturing new markets. It entered in to one of the emerging economic systems India in 2005. Uses and Restrictions of Ansoff s Matrix Uses: Along with other theoretical accounts like grind, pestle etc. Ansoff can be used for puting aims for a company Restrictions: Can non be used in isolation as it can supply the complete strategic scenario. Does non supply overview of selling options available. Decision: TUI is the European leader in touristry and travel industry. Environmental analysis of touristry industry as a whole highlighted several factors which are indispensable for TUI for puting future aims. TUI s chief advantage lies in cost leading which it attains by runing at all phases of touristry value concatenation, which is slightly hard for its rivals to copy. The altering concern environment can raise some issues and these cardinal drivers of alteration are discussed with its deductions on the hereafter of TUI. Mentions Byars, L. ( 1991 ) , Strategic Management: Formulation and Implementation, 3rd ed. , New York: Harper Collins Ensign, P ( 1998 ) , Interrelationships and Horizontal Strategy to Achieve Strategy and Competitive Advantage in the Diversified Firm , Management Decisions, Vol. 36, Issue. 10, pp. 657-668. Fiscal Times. ( 2009, September ) . TUI takes stairss to refinance loans. Retrieved november 02, 2009, from www.ft.com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/0/258da2ca-acd0-11de-91dc-00144feabdc0.html German travel industry. ( 2008 ) . Retrieved november 01, 2009, from www.fvw-mediengruppe.de: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fvw-mediengruppe.de/files/Marketing_Presentation_FVW_Mediengruppe.pdf Guardian. ( 2008, June 8 ) . who will last the storm. Retrieved November 2, 2009, from www.guardian.co.uk: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/jun/08/flights.travelnews Hindu, T. ( 2002, february 01 ) . The Hindoo: political instability has hit Pakistan s economic system: WTO. Retrieved november 2, 2009, from thehindu: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thehindu.com/2002/02/01/stories/2002020103361000.htm Johnson, G. , Scholes, K. A ; Whittington, R. ( 2008 ) , Researching Corporate Strategy, 8th ed. , FT Prentice Hall. Johnson, G. , Scholes, A ; Whittington, R. ( 2005 ) , Researching Corporate Strategy, 7th ed. , FT Prentice Hall. Kelly, Phil, ( 2008 ) International Business And Management Custom Edition, South-Western Cenage Learning. Kotler, P. ( 1990 ) , Selling: An Introduction, 2nd ed. , Prentice Hall Lynch, Richard ( 1997 ) , Corporate scheme ,1st Edition, Financial Times Pitman Printing Porter, M. E. ( 1985 ) . Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. The Free Imperativeness SkyNews. ( 2009, May 11 ) . TUI travel foremost one-fourth consequences. Retrieved 10 28, 2009, from www.news.sky.com: hypertext transfer protocol: //news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Business/Tui-Travel-First-Quarter-Results-Demand-For-Long-Haul-Flights-Up-Despite-Swine-Flu-But-Sales-Down/Article/200905215279320? f=rss Thompson, John L. ( 1997 ) , Strategic Management: Awareness and Change , 3rd Edition, International Thompson Publishing Company TUI Travel, P. ( 2008 ) . scheme and jussive moods. Retrieved november 2, 2009, from TUI Travel PLC: hypertext transfer protocol: //ara2008.tuitravelplc.com/tui-ar2008/pages/ourbusiness/strategy Appendix: -2 Tourism group Turnover ( one million millions of euro ) TUI 13.1 Thomas cook 7.5 My travel 4.9 Rewe 4.2 First pick 3.5 Kuoni 2.3 Club med 1.6 Alltours 1.3 Hotelplan 1.2 Appendix: 3 POLITICAL Terrorism or menace of terrorist act Political instability Tax policies Expansion of airdrome capacity ECONOMIC Recession High Insurance cost Tourism from emerging economic systems Excess capacity Increased competition-low cost air hoses etc. Oil monetary values SOCIO-CULTURAL Changing attitudes for wellness A ; safety Free motion Tourism is considered as necessity Consumer behaviour-late engagements. TECHNOLOGICAL Home-entertainment Engendering new concerns Internet-modular bundles ENVIRONMENTAL Global heating Health crisis Natural catastrophe LEGAL Airline safety ordinances Environmental and wellness and safety ordinances Appendix: -4 Porter s five forces model High Barrier to entry High Capital demand High economic systems of graduated table of established participants Established distribution channel Experience of established participants Brand distinction Low Bargaining Power for Suppliers Backward integrating Large figure of providers Moderate Bargaining Power for Buyer Low shift cost No distinction on the service Moderate Competitive competition Growth market Differentiation High fixed cost Low Menaces of Substitutes No presence of any strong replacement Appendix: -5 VALUE CHAIN APPENDIX 6 Appendix 7

Essay on Food Chain and Trophic Level

Essay on Food Chain and Trophic Level Essay on Food Chain and Trophic Level Bio I Name KEY Unit 7: Ecology 3.1 What Is Ecology? Studying Our Living Planet 1. What is ecology? It is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organism and their environment. 2. What does the biosphere contain? It contains all the organisms and physical environments of the Earth. 3. How are human economics and ecology linked? Economics has to do with human â€Å"houses† and interactions based on money and trade. Ecological interactions have to do with nature’s â€Å"houses† and are based on energy and nutrients. Humans depend on ecological processes to provide nutrients that can be bought or traded. 4. Label each level of organization on the diagram. biosphere biome ecosystem population individual/species community 5. Explain the relationship between ecosystems and biomes. An ecosystem describes all of the organisms that live in a place , together with their physical environment. A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and organisms is considered a biome. Bio I Unit 7: Ecology 6. Use the terms in the box to fill in the Venn diagram. List parts of the environment that consist of biotic factors, abiotic factors, and some components that are a mixture of both. air animals bacteria heat mushrooms plants Both Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors precipitation soil sunlight animals, plants, mushrooms, bacteria soil sunlight, heat, precipitation, air 3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers Primary Producers 7. What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis? They use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starch. 8. What do autotrophs do during chemosynthesis? They use chemical energy to produce energy rich carbohydrates. Consumers 9. Complete the table about types of heterotrophs. Types of Heterotrophs Type Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Detritivore Decomposer Scavenger Definition Heterotroph that obtains energy by eating only plants Heterotroph that eats animals Heterotroph that obtains eats both plants & animals Heterotroph that feeds on detritus Heterotroph that breaks down organic matter Heterotroph that consumes the carcasses of dead animals but does not typically kill them itself Examples cows, rabbits snakes, dogs, owls humans, bears, pigs mites, earthworms, snails, crabs bacteria, fungi vulture, hyena Bio I Unit 7: Ecology 10. What is a consumer? A consumer is any organism that relies on other organisms for energy and nutrients 3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems Food Chains and Food Webs 11. Complete the table about feeding relationships. Feeding Relationships Relationship Food Chain Food Web Description A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten A network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem Use the food chain to answer Questions 2–4. 12. Explain how energy flows through a food chain. Phytoplankton are photosynthetic organisms. They use energy from the sun to create carbohydrates. The zooplankton eats the phytoplankton to obtain energy. The small fish eat the zooplankton. The squid eats the small fish. The shark eats the squid. 13. What would happen to a food chain if a disturbance caused a serious decline in the population of a high level consumer? If the shark numbers declined, there would be no natural predators to control the number of squids. Therefore